Historical Background
- **Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950)**: Established the framework for the bilateral relations, including security and trade agreements¹.
Political Relations
- **1950s-1970s**: The relationship was influenced by India's support for Nepal's ruling party and the subsequent increase in Indian nationals in Nepal's Terai region, leading to Nepal's discomfort with the special relationship¹.
- **Nepalese Citizenship Act (1952)**: Allowed Indians to acquire Nepalese citizenship easily, causing resentment in Nepal¹.
Military Relations
- **Indian Military Mission**: Established in Nepal in 1952, consisting of Indian army personnel, which was later expanded¹.
Economic Relations
- **Treaty of Trade and Commerce (1950)**: India acknowledged Nepal's right to import and export goods through Indian territory without customs duties¹.
Territorial Disputes
- **Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh**: Areas of contention at the India-Nepal-China tri-junction, with both countries having historical claims².
- **Susta**: Another disputed area in Southern Nepal².
Recent Developments
- **India-Nepal Territorial Dispute Flares Up**: The issue intensified with India's construction of a road through disputed Lipulekh, aiming to connect to Mansarovar in Tibet².
- **Diplomatic Efforts**: Both countries have expressed a commitment to resolve the dispute diplomatically, emphasizing the importance of friendly relations³.
Impact on Relations
- **Nationalist Movements**: The border disputes have provoked nationalist movements in Nepal and affected the bilateral relationship⁴.
Good luck with your exam! 📚
Source:
(1) India–Nepal relations - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_relations.
(2) India-Nepal Territorial Dispute Flares up Again – The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/india-nepal-territorial-dispute-flares-up-again/.
(3) India, Nepal vow to resolve border dispute, PM Modi says will take ties .... https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-nepal-boundary-dispute-pm-modi-prachanda-kalapani-ramayan-circuit-hydropower-transmission-2387770-2023-06-02.
(4) Most Read of 2020: Border Disputes Between India and Nepal: Will India .... https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/20832/.
